The geometric phase transition of the three-dimensional $\mathbb{Z}_2$ lattice gauge model

Abstract: With intensive Monte Carlo simulations and finite size scaling we undertake a percolation analysis of Wegner's three-dimensional $\mathbb{Z}2$ lattice gauge model in equilibrium. We confirm that the loops threading excited plaquettes percolate at the thermal critical point $T{\rm c}$ and we show that their critical exponents coincide with the ones of the loop representation of the dual 3D Ising model. We then construct Fortuin-Kasteleyn (FK) clusters using a random-cluster representation and find that they also percolate at $T_c$ and moreover give access to all thermal critical exponents. The Binder cumulants of the percolation order parameter of both loops and FK clusters demonstrate a pseudo first order transition. This study sheds light on the critical properties of quantum error correction and lattice gauge theories.