The Green Monster hiding in front of Cas A: JWST reveals a dense and dusty circumstellar structure pockmarked by ejecta interactions

Abstract: JWST observations of the young Galactic supernova remnant Cassiopeia A revealed an unexpected structure seen as a green emission feature in colored composite MIRI F1130W and F1280W images - hence dubbed the Green Monster - that stretches across the central parts of the remnant in projection. Combining the kinematic information from NIRSpec and MIRI MRS with the multi-wavelength imaging from NIRCam and MIRI, we associate the Green Monster with circumstellar material that was lost during an asymmetric mass-loss phase. MIRI images are dominated by dust emission but its spectra show emission lines from Ne, H and Fe with low radial velocities indicative of a CSM nature. An X-ray analysis of this feature in a companion paper (Vink et al. 2024) supports its CSM nature and detects significant blue shifting, thereby placing the Green Monster on the near side, in front of the Cas A SN remnant. The most striking features of the Green Monster are dozens of almost perfectly circular 1" - 3" sized holes, most likely created by interaction between high-velocity SN ejecta material and the CSM. Further investigation is needed to understand whether these holes were formed by small 8000-10500 km/s N-rich ejecta knots that penetrated and advanced out ahead of the remnant's 5000 - 6000 km/s outer blastwave, or by narrow ejecta fingers that protrude into the forward-shocked CSM. The detection of the Green Monster provides further evidence of the highly asymmetric mass-loss that Cas A's progenitor star underwent prior to explosion.