Maximal root subsystems of affine reflection systems and duality

Abstract: Any maximal root subsystem of a finite crystallographic reduced root system is either a closed root subsystem or its dual is a closed root subsystem in the dual root system. In this article, we classify the maximal root subsystems of an affine reflection system (reduced and non-reduced) and prove that this result holds in much more generality for reduced affine reflection systems. Moreover, we explicitly determine when a maximal root subsystem is a maximal closed root subsystem. Using our classification, at the end, we characterize the maximal root systems of affine reflection systems with nullity less than or equal to $2$ using Hermite normal forms; especially for Saito's EARS of nullity $2.$ This in turn classifies the maximal subgroups of the Weyl group of an affine reflection system that are generated by reflections.