Homogeneous Patterns in Ramsey Theory

Abstract: In this article, we investigate homogeneous versions of certain nonlinear Ramsey-theoretic results, with three significant applications. As the first application, we prove that for every finite coloring of $\mathbb{Z}^+$, there exist an infinite set $A$ and an arbitrarily large finite set $B$ such that $A \cup (A+B) \cup A \cdot B$ is monochromatic. This result resolves the finitary version of a question posed by Kra, Moreira, Richter, and Robertson regarding the partition regularity of $(A+B) \cup A \cdot B$ for infinite sets $A, B$ (see (Question 8.4, J. Amer. Math. Soc., 37 (2024))), which is closely related to a question of Erd\H{o}s. As the second application, we make progress on a nonlinear extension of the partition regularity of Pythagorean triples. Specifically, we demonstrate that the equation $x^2 + y^2 = z^2 + P(u_1, \dots, u_n)$ is $2$-regular for certain appropriately chosen polynomials $P$ of any desired degree. Finally, as the third application, we establish a nonlinear variant of Rado's conjecture concerning the degree of regularity. We prove that for every $m, n \in \mathbb{Z}^+$, there exists an $m$-degree homogeneous equation that is $n$-regular but not $(n+1)$-regular. The case $m = 1$ corresponds to Rado's conjecture, originally proven by Alexeev and Tsimerman (J. Combin. Theory Ser. A, 117 (2010), and later independently by Golowich (Electron. J. Combin. 21 (2014)).