Different physical and numerical sources of scatter in the $M_{\star}$-$M_{\mathrm{BH}}$ relation and their connection to galaxy evolution

Abstract: Observations have established that the masses of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) correlate tightly with the stellar masses of their host galaxies, albeit with substantial scatter. The size of this scatter as a function of galaxy mass and redshift contains valuable information about the origin of SMBHs and the physical nature of their co-evolution with galaxies. In this work, we highlight this connection by studying the scatter in the $M_{\mathrm{BH}} - M_{\star}$ relation for massive galaxies in the Illustris, IllustrisTNG (TNG), and EAGLE cosmological simulations. We find that the scatter in TNG is significantly lower than in Illustris and EAGLE, reflecting their different BH feedback models. By performing various numerical experiments, we quantify different contributions to the scatter in the simulations, and also identify a suitably defined intrinsic scatter. The intrinsic scatter in Illustris and EAGLE is $\sim0.3$ dex at $z=0$, and is dominated by variations from BH accretion, whereas the smaller scatter of TNG is rather dominated by hierarchical merging, suggesting that the massive galaxies in TNG are more tightly quenched. Variations in the BH seed mass can contribute to the scatter of the $M_{\rm BH}-M_{\star}$ relation as well, but whether this still plays a role at $z=0$ depends on the feedback model. Simulations with disabled AGN feedback produce much higher scatter for low-mass galaxies than seen in our cosmological simulations, demonstrating the crucial influence of feedback for determining the co-evolution of SMBHs and their host galaxies in this regime. In contrast, an important factor in reducing the scatter for massive galaxies is hierarchical merging of mostly quenched systems. Based on our results, we expect that the scatter in the $M_{\mathrm{BH}} - M_{\star}$ relation at high redshift could be particularly powerful in providing clues to the origin of SMBHs.