Universality of Barwick's unfurling construction

Abstract: Given an $\infty$-category $\mathcal{C}$ with pullbacks, its $(\infty,2)$-category $\mathbf{Span}(\mathcal{C})$ of spans has the universal property of freely adding right adjoints to morphisms in $\mathcal{C}$ satisfying a Beck--Chevalley condition. We show that this universal property is implemented by an $(\infty,2)$-categorical refinement of Barwick's \emph{unfurling construction}: For any right adjointable functor $\mathcal{C} \to \mathrm{Cat}_{\infty}$, the unstraightening of its unique extension to $\mathbf{Span}(\mathcal{C})$ can be explicitly written down as another span $(\infty,2)$-category, and on underlying $(\infty,1)$-categories this recovers Barwick's construction. As an application, we show that the constructions of cartesian normed structures by Nardin--Shah and Cnossen--Haugseng--Lenz--Linskens coincide.