Resolving polarization-dependent mode dynamics in multimode fibers with 2D single-photon detector arrays

Abstract: Monitoring polarization dynamics in multimode fibers is critical for a range of applications, spanning from optical communication to sensing. Although the modal behavior of multimode fibers is well understood through interferometry and advanced detection techniques, most studies focus on a single polarization state of specific modes, leaving the spatial mode dynamics of the other polarization state unexplored. A variety of optical phenomena can arise during the transport of spatial modes in fibers, driven by stress-induced fiber deformations. These phenomena include changes in the effective refractive index of modes, modal dispersion, and polarization-dependent mode coupling. Observing such modal behavior typically requires complex systems, such as multi-axis interferometry. In this paper, we present quasi-real-time observation of spatial mode dynamics in a two-mode fiber using 2D single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays configured in a dual-axis setup under different fiber deformation conditions. By utilizing the time-resolved capabilities of the SPAD arrays, we capture the modal behavior of two spatial modes in the fiber during stress induced by uncontrolled deformations, enabling direct observation of spatial correlations of the modes. Additionally, we demonstrate dual-polarization mode dynamics under controlled fiber conformation, where the modal behavior remains stable within acceptable error limits. Our work opens new avenues for exploring polarization-dependent phenomena in both fundamental and applied optics, as well as in biological systems.