Detection of millimeter-wave coronal emission in a quasar at cosmological distance using microlensing

Abstract: Determining the nature of emission processes at the heart of quasars is critical for understanding environments of supermassive black holes. One of the key open questions is the origin of long-wavelength emission from radio-quiet quasars. The proposed mechanisms span a broad range, from central star formation to dusty torus, low-power jets, or coronal emission from the innermost accretion disk. Distinguishing between these scenarios requires probing spatial scales $\leq$0.01 pc, beyond the reach of any current millimetre-wave telescope. Fortunately, in gravitationally lensed quasars, compact mm-wave emission might be microlensed by stars in the foreground galaxy, providing strong constraints on the source size. We report a striking change in rest-frame 1.3-mm flux-ratios in RXJ1131-1231, a quadruply-lensed quasar at z = 0.658, observed by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in 2015 and 2020. The observed flux-ratio variability is consistent with microlensing of a very compact source with a half-light radius $\leq$50 astronomical units. The compactness of the source leaves coronal emission as the most likely scenario. Furthermore, the inferred mm-wave and X-ray luminosities follow the characteristic G\"udel-Benz relationship for coronal emission. These observations represent the first unambiguous evidence for coronae as the dominant mechanism for long-wavelength emission in radio-quiet quasars.