The role of absorption and scattering in shaping ice bands. Spatially-resolved spectroscopy of protoplanetary disks

Abstract: The James Webb Space Telescope now enables the spectral study of ices with unprecedented sensitivity and angular resolution. Water ice plays a crucial role in the growth of grains and in planetary formation but its spatial distribution in protoplanetary disks is poorly constrained. To help the interpretation of future observations, we study here for the first time how the water ice band depends on the observer's perspective and the location where spectra are measured within protoplanetary disks. Based on a standard protoplanetary disk model around a T Tauri star, we used the radiative transfer code MCFOST to extract water-ice spectra and to measure the depth and central wavelength of the water-ice band at different locations in the disk. Even in the context of a spatially homogeneous ice mixture, the observed properties of water-ice bands depend on the inclination of the system as well as on the location in the disk from which the spectra are extracted. In particular, the wavelength of the band minimum can change by up to 0.17 {\mu}m comparable to the difference expected between amorphous and crystalline ices, for instance. This phenomenon stems from a balance between absorption and scattering and must be taken into account in detailed modeling of spatially-resolved infrared spectroscopy of ices, including CO and CO2.