The Compton-Getting origin of the large-scale anisotropy of Galactic cosmic rays

Abstract: Recent studies suggest that the anisotropy in cosmic-ray arrival directions can provide insight into local acceleration sites and propagation conditions. We developed a unified framework to interpret both the observed energy spectra and the large-scale anisotropy. In this work, we explore the influence of the Sun's motion relative to the local plasma frame--the Compton-Getting (CG) effect--on the anisotropy. We find that incorporating the CG effect could reduce the dipole amplitude and slightly shift the phase away from the direction of the local regular magnetic field at tens of TeV. At lower energies, where the anisotropy from the cosmic-ray density gradient is weak, the Sun's relative motion becomes more prominent. Below $\sim 200$ GeV, the dipole amplitude increases again, approaching the value expected from the CG effect. Additionally, a phase flip is observed at a few hundred GeV, aligning with the CG direction. Future anisotropy measurements from $100$ GeV to TeV energies could serve as a critical test of this effect.