Prompt Engineering for Large Language Model-assisted Inductive Thematic Analysis

Abstract: The potential of LLMs to mitigate the time- and cost- related challenges associated with inductive thematic analysis (ITA) has been extensively explored in the literature. However, the use of LLMs to support ITA has often been opportunistic, relying on ad hoc prompt engineering (PE) approaches, thereby undermining the reliability, transparency, and replicability of the analysis. The goal of this study is to develop a structured approach to PE in LLM-assisted ITA. To this end, a comprehensive review of the existing literature is conducted to examine how ITA researchers integrate LLMs into their workflows and, in particular, how PE is utilized to support the analytical process. Built on the insights generated from this review, four key steps for effective PE in LLM-assisted ITA are identified and extensively outlined. Furthermore, the study explores state-of-the-art PE techniques that can enhance the execution of these steps, providing ITA researchers with practical strategies to improve their analyses. In conclusion, the main contributions of this paper include: (i) it maps the existing research on LLM-assisted ITA to enable a better understanding of the rapidly developing field, (ii) it outlines a structured four-step PE process to enhance methodological rigor, (iii) it discusses the application of advanced PE techniques to support the execution of these steps, and (iv) it highlights key directions for future research.