Rethinking Structural Equation Modeling in Political Science: Challenges, Best Practices, and Future Directions

Abstract: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) or Covariance Structure Analysis (CSA) is a versatile and powerful method in the social and behavioral sciences, providing a framework for modeling complex relationships, testing mediation, accounting for measurement error, and analyzing latent constructs. However, SEM remains underutilized in in political science; its application is often marred by misunderstandings, misinterpretations, and methodological pitfalls that can compromise the validity and interpretability of findings. This article examines key challenges in SEM applications within political science, including test statistics and fit indices, model specification, estimator selection, and causal inference. It offers practical recommendations for enhancing methodological rigor and introduces recent advancements in causal inference.