Single-Satellite Navigation on Lunar North Pole

Abstract: The Moon is a primary focus of space exploration. Current navigation methods face significant limitations in providing precise location data for lunar missions. In particular, existing methods often require direct Line of Sight to Earth, have limited capacity, and suffer from long signal travel times. This paper aims to tackle these challenges through a novel single satellite navigation system at the lunar North Pole. By utilising the Doppler effect, this system facilitates 3D geolocation of a stationary receiver on the lunar surface. Key findings include choosing a Low Lunar Orbit (LLO) suitable for North Pole coverage, designing a 3-step geolocation algorithm tailored to lunar conditions, constructing a comprehensive error budget, and evaluating the system performance through Dilution of Position (DOP).