The boundary of Kirkwood-Dirac quasiprobability

Abstract: The Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) quasiprobability describes measurement statistics of joint quantum observables, and has generated great interest as prominent indicators of non-classical features in various quantum information processing tasks. It relaxes the Kolmogorov axioms of probability by allowing for negative and even imaginary probabilities, and thus incorporates the classical probability theory as its inner boundary. In this work, we introduce the postquantum quasiprobability under mild assumptions to provide an outer boundary for KD quasiprobability. Specifically, we present qualitative and quantitative evidence to show that the classical, KD, and postquantum quasiprobabilities form a strict hierarchy, in the sense that joint probability distributions are a strict subset of KD quasiprobability distributions that are a strict subset of postquantum ones. Surprisingly, we are able to derive some nontrivial bounds valid for both classical probability and KD quasiprobability, and even valid for the KD quasiprobability generated by an arbitrary number of measurements. Finally, other interesting bounds are obtained, and their implications are noted. Our work solves the fundamental problems of what and how to bound the KD quasiprobability, and hence provides a deeper understanding of utilizing it in quantum information processing.