Algebraic invariants of multi-virtual links

Abstract: Multi-virtual knot theory was introduced in $2024$ by the first author. In this paper, we initiate the study of algebraic invariants of multi-virtual links. After determining a generating set of (oriented) multi-virtual Reidemeister moves, we discuss the equivalence of multi-virtual link diagrams, particularly those that have the same virtual projections. We introduce operator quandles (that is, quandles with a list of pairwise commuting automorphisms) and construct an infinite family of connected operator quandles in which at least one third of right translations are distinct and pairwise commute. Using our set of generating moves, we establish the operator quandle coloring invariant and the operator quandle $2$-cocycle invariant for multi-virtual links, generalizing the well-known invariants for classical links. With these invariants at hand, we then classify certain small multi-virtual knots based on the existing tables of small virtual knots due to Bar-Natan and Green. Finally, to emphasize a key difference between virtual and multi-virtual knots, we construct an infinite family of pairwise nonequivalent multi-virtual knots, each with a single classical crossing. Many open problems are presented throughout the paper.