Modular Channels, Thermal Filtering and the Spectral Emergence of Spacetime

Abstract: We investigate the information-theoretic structure underlying causal horizons through the formalism of modular quantum channels. By analyzing the singular value decomposition of the channel induced by the partial trace over inaccessible regions, we show that the Unruh effect and the Page curve can be understood as manifestations of a universal thermal filtering mechanism governed by the modular Hamiltonian. This structure leads to a Gibbs-weighted hierarchy of information transmission modes, with entanglement entropy corresponding to spectral activation and thermal capacity. We reinterpret the first law of entanglement as a Clausius relation for modular flow and derive Einstein's equations by requiring its local validity across Rindler horizons. In the case of black hole evaporation, we find that the modular channel undergoes an informational phase transition at the Page time, marked by a shift from entanglement preservation to recoverability, quantified through fidelity and channel capacity. Based on these results, we propose the Modular Channels Flow Correspondence (MCFC): a minimal holographic principle whereby the area of a causal screen measures the storage of filtered quantum information. Our framework offers a unified operational account of holography, entropy, and curvature, grounded in the spectral dynamics of modular channels.