Stability, Bifurcation, and Chaos Control in a Discrete-Time Phytoplankton-Zooplankton Model with Holling Type II and Type III Functional Responses

Abstract: In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of a discrete-time phytoplankton-zooplankton model where the predator functional response and toxin distribution functions follow both Holling Type II and Holling Type III forms simultaneously. We analyze the types of fixed points and the global stability of the system. Additionally, we prove the occurrence of a Neimark-Sacker bifurcation at the positive fixed point. The theoretical findings are validated through numerical simulations