Achievable rates for concatenated square Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill codes

Abstract: The Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) codes are known to achieve optimal rates under displacement noise and pure loss channels, which establishes theoretical foundations for its optimality. However, such optimal rates are only known to be achieved at a discrete set of noise strength with the current self-dual symplectic lattice construction. In this work, we develop a new coding strategy using concatenated continuous variable - discrete variable encodings to go beyond past results and establish GKP's optimal rate over all noise strengths. In particular, for displacement noise, the rate is obtained through a constructive approach by concatenating GKP codes with a quantum polar code and analog decoding. For pure loss channel, we prove the existence of capacity-achieving GKP codes through a random coding approach. These results highlight the capability of concatenation-based GKP codes and provides new methods for constructing good GKP lattices.