Flexible MOF Generation with Torsion-Aware Flow Matching

Abstract: Designing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with novel chemistries is a long-standing challenge due to their large combinatorial space and the complex 3D arrangements of building blocks. While recent deep generative models have enabled scalable MOF generation, they assume (1) a fixed set of building blocks and (2) known ground-truth local block-wise 3D coordinates. However, this limits their ability to (1) design novel MOFs and (2) generate the structure using novel building blocks. We propose a two-stage de novo MOF generation framework that overcomes these limitations by modeling both chemical and geometric degrees of freedom. First, we train a SMILES-based autoregressive model to generate novel metal and organic building blocks, paired with cheminformatics for 3D structure initialization. Second, we introduce a flow-matching model that predicts translations, rotations, and torsional angles to assemble flexible blocks into valid 3D frameworks. Our experiments demonstrate improved reconstruction accuracy, the generation of valid, novel, and unique MOFs, and the ability of our model to create novel building blocks.