On the transpositional relation for nonholonomic systems

Abstract: This paper investigates the dynamics of nonholonomic mechanical systems, with a particular focus on the fundamental variational assumptions and the role of the transpositional rule. We analyze how the $\check Cetaev condition and the first variation of constraints define compatible virtual displacements for systems subject to kinematic constraints, which can be both linear and nonlinear in generalized velocities. The study meticulously explores the necessary conditions for the commutation relations to hold, clarifying their impact on the consistency of the derived equations of motion. By detailing the interplay between these variational identities and the Lagrangian derivatives of the constraint functions, we shed light on the differences between equations of motion formulated via d'Alembert--Lagrange principle and those obtained from extended time-integral variational principles. This work aims to provide a clearer theoretical framework for understanding and applying these core principles in the complex domain of nonholonomic dynamics.