Single-shot high-resolution spectroscopy of single-photon-level optical pulses using a virtually imaged phased-array and single-photon avalanche diode array

Abstract: Single-shot high-resolution spectroscopy at the single-photon-level has emerged as a promising measurement technique, enabling novel observations and evaluations that were previously challenging. This technology is particularly effective for spectroscopic applications aimed at realizing frequency-multiplexed quantum repeaters. In this study, we propose a single-shot high-resolution single-photon spectroscopy system that integrates high-resolution frequency-to-spatial mode mapping using a virtually imaged phased-array (VIPA) and high-precision spatial mode detection using a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array. We experimentally demonstrated the principle of this system using weak coherent pulses with a frequency mode interval of 120 MHz. This interval closely matches the minimum frequency mode spacing of the atomic frequency comb quantum memory with the Pr$^{3+}$-ion-doped Y$_2$SiO$_5$ crystal. By applying the proposed system, we expect to maximize the multiplexing capability of frequency-multiplexed quantum repeater schemes utilizing such quantum memories.