Power Flow Analysis of a 5-Bus Power System Based on Newton-Raphson Method

Abstract: Load flow analysis is a fundamental technique used by electrical engineers to simulate and evaluate power system behavior under steady-state conditions. It enables efficient operation and control by determining how active and reactive power flows throughout the system. Selecting an appropriate solution method is critical to ensuring reliable and economical operation of power generation, transmission, and distribution networks. While the conventional loop method may be used in small-scale systems, it is limited by its reliance on impedance-based load data and its inability to scale to complex networks. In contrast, iterative techniques such as the Gauss-Seidel (GS) and Newton-Raphson (NR) methods are better suited for analyzing large systems. Of these, the NR method offers significant advantages due to its quadratic convergence and improved numerical stability. This study presents a power flow analysis of a 5-bus system using the Newton-Raphson approach. The system was modeled and simulated in PowerWorld Simulator (PWS), and a custom MATLAB implementation was developed to verify the results under a base case scenario. The comparative analysis demonstrates that the NR method provides accurate and robust solutions for power flow problems, making it well-suited for evaluating system performance under various operating conditions.