Nonlinear Nonlocal Metasurface for Harmonic Generation and Manipulation

Abstract: The discovery of second harmonic generation in 1961 marked the birth of nonlinear optics, unlocking a range of applications from frequency conversion to quantum light generation. Yet, phase matching in bulk nonlinear crystals remains a key bottleneck. Thinning nonlinear media eases this constraint but severely reduces nonlinear efficiency due to limited interaction length. Photonic metasurfaces, planar arrays of subwavelength meta atoms, offer a compelling alternative by supporting resonant modes that enhance local fields. However, existing designs suffer from a trade off between the high efficiency of nonlocal metasurfaces and the precise wavefront control enabled by local ones. These two capabilities have remained decoupled due to their fundamentally different mechanisms. Here, we design a nonlinear nonlocal metasurface supporting quasi trapped modes (QTM), enabling efficient third harmonic generation and meta atom level phase manipulation. Using topologically asymmetric all-dielectric meta-atoms, we achieve strong field confinement and demonstrate THG enhancement exceeding three orders of magnitude compared to unstructured films. By exploiting symmetry and Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase via meta atom rotation, we realize helicity dependent wavefront control at both the fundamental and TH wavelengths. A slight boundary perturbation yields geometric phase accumulation only at resonance, a behavior absent in conventional PB based metasurfaces. This selectivity arises from QTM field profiles that maintain global symmetry off resonance while enabling local geometric phase encoding at resonance. Our results advance silicon photonics and reveal new mechanisms for nonlinear geometric phase control at the nanoscale.