Comprehensive investigation on baryon number violating nucleon decays involving an axion-like particle

Abstract: In this work, we systematically investigate baryon number violating (BNV) nucleon decays into an axion-like particle (ALP), within a low energy effective field theory extended with an ALP, named as aLEFT. Unlike previous studies in the literature, we consider contributions to nucleon decays from a complete set of dimension-eight BNV aLEFT operators involving light $u,\,d,\,s$ quarks. We perform the chiral irreducible representation (irrep) decomposition of all those interactions under the QCD chiral group $\rm SU(3){\tt L}\times SU(3){\tt R}$, and match them onto the recently developed chiral framework to obtain nucleon-level effective interactions among the ALP, octet baryons, and octet pseudoscalar mesons. Within this framework, we derive general expressions for the decay widths of nucleon two- and three-body decays involving an ALP. We then analyze the momentum distributions for the three-body modes and find that the operators belonging to the newly identified chiral irreps $\pmb{6}{\tt L(R)}\times \pmb{3}{\tt L(R)}$ exhibit markedly different behavior compared to that in the usual irreps $\pmb{8}{\tt L(R)}\times \pmb{1}{\tt L(R)}$ and $\pmb{3}{\tt L(R)}\times \bar{\pmb{3}}{\tt L(R)}$. Furthermore, due to the lack of direct constraints on those exotic decay modes, we reanalyze the experimental data collected by Super-Kamiokande and establish bounds on the inverse decay widths of these new modes by properly accounting for experimental efficiencies and Cherenkov threshold effects. Our recasting constraints are several orders of magnitude more stringent than the inclusive bounds used in the literature. Based on these improved bounds, we set stringent limits on the associated effective scales across a broad range of ALP mass and predict stringent bounds on certain neutron and hyperon decays involving an ALP.