Auto-scaling Approaches for Cloud-native Applications: A Survey and Taxonomy

Abstract: The interactions within cloud-native applications are complex, with a constantly changing number of services and loads, posing higher demands on auto-scaling approach. This mainly involves several challenges such as microservices dependency analysis, performance profiling, anomaly detection, workload characterization and task co-location. Therefore, some advanced algorithms have been investigated into auto-scaling cloud-native applications to optimize system and application performance. These algorithms can learn from historical data and appropriately adjust resource allocation based on the current environment and load conditions to optimize resource utilization and system performance. In this paper, we systematically review the literature on state-of-the-art auto-scaling approaches for cloud-native applications from 2020, and further explore the technological evolution. Additionally, we propose a detailed taxonomy to categorize current research from five perspectives, including infrastructure, architecture, scaling methods, optimization objectives, and behavior modeling. Then, we provide a comprehensive comparison and in-depth discussion of the key features, advantages, limitations, and application scenarios of each approach, considering their performance in diverse environments and under various conditions. Finally, we summarize the current state of research in this field, identify the gaps and unresolved challenges, and emphasize promising directions for future exploration, particularly in areas such as the application of large models, microservice dependency management, and the use of meta-learning techniques to enhance model applicability and adaptability across different environments.