Long-range photonic device-independent quantum key distribution using SPDC sources and linear optics

Abstract: Device-independent quantum key distribution (DI QKD) offers unparalleled cryptographic security by eliminating trust requirements for quantum devices, yet has remained impractical for long-distance implementation due to fundamental rate limitations. Here, we propose the first experimentally viable schemes for long-distance DI QKD using two fully photonic approaches with heralded entanglement distribution using spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) sources. Both schemes achieve key rate scaling with the square root of channel transmissivity $\eta_t$, matching the twin-field protocol advantage rather than the prohibitive linear decay of conventional QKD. We demonstrate positive key rates at detector efficiencies as low as 83\%, bringing DI QKD within reach of the current superconducting detector technology. Our security analysis employs the Entropy Accumulation Theorem to establish rigorous finite-size bounds, while numerical optimization yields custom Bell certificates that surpass standard approaches by 2--3 times at maximum transmission distances. This work represents a critical milestone toward device-independent security in quantum communication networks, providing experimentalists with practical implementation pathways while maintaining the strongest possible security guarantees against quantum adversaries.