Ladder Operators for Laguerre-type and Jacobi-type Orthogonal Polynomials

Abstract: In the literature concerning the Laguerre-type weight function $x^\lambda w_0(x), x\in[0,+\infty)$, the Jacobi-type weight function $(1-x)^{\alpha}(1+x)^{\beta}w_0(x),x\in[-1,1]$, and the shifted Jacobi-type weight function $x^{\alpha}(1-x)^{\beta}w_0(x), x\in[0,1]$, with $w_0(x)$ continuously differentiable, the parameters $\lambda,\alpha,\beta$ are usually constrained to be strictly positive to ensure the validity of the results. Recently, in [C. Min and P. Fang, Physica D 473 (2025), 134560 (9pp)], the ladder operators for the monic Laguerre-type orthogonal polynomials with $\lambda>-1$ were derived by exploiting the orthogonality properties. The quantities $A_n$ and $B_n$, which appear as coefficients in the ladder operators, exhibit different expressions compared with the previous ones for $\lambda>0$. In this paper, we construct an alternative deduction by making use of the Riemann-Hilbert problem satisfied by the orthogonal polynomials. Moreover, we employ both derivation strategies mentioned above to produce the ladder operators for the monic standard and shifted Jacobi-type orthogonal polynomials with $\alpha,\beta>-1$. When $\lambda,\alpha,\beta$ are restricted to positive values, our expressions of $A_n$ and $B_n$ are consistent with those in prior work. We present examples to validate our findings and generalize the existing conclusions, established by using the three compatibility conditions of the ladder operators and differentiating the orthogonality relations for the monic orthogonal polynomials, from $\lambda,\alpha,\beta>0$ to $\lambda,\alpha,\beta>-1$.