Direct Evaluation of CP Phase of CKM matrix, General Perturbative Expansion and Relations with Unitarity Triangles

Abstract: In this letter, using a rephasing invariant formula $\delta = \arg [ { V_{ud} V_{us} V_{c b} V_{tb} / V_{ub} \det V_{\rm CKM} }]$, we evaluate the CP phase $\delta$ of the CKM matrix $V_{\rm CKM}$ perturbatively for small quark mixing angles $s_{ij}^{u,d}$ with associated phases $\rho_{ij}^{u,d}$. Consequently, we derived a relation $\delta \simeq \arg [\Delta s_{12} \Delta s_{23} / ( \Delta s_{13} - s^u_{12} e^{-i \rho^u_{12}} \Delta s_{23} )]$ with $\Delta s_{ij} \equiv s^d_{ij} e^{-i \rho^d_{ij}} - s^u_{ij} e^{-i \rho^u_{ij}}$. Such a result represents the analytic behavior of the CKM phase. The uncertainty in the relation is of order $O(\lambda^{2}) \sim 4\%$, which is comparable to the current experimental precision. Comparisons with experimental data suggest that the hypothesis of some CP phases being maximal. We also discussed relationships between the phase $\delta$ and unitarity triangles. As a result, several relations between the angles $\alpha, \beta, \gamma$ and $\delta$ are identified through other invariants $V_{il} V_{jm} V_{kn} / \det V_{\rm CKM}$.