Cosmic-ray tomography of shipping containers: A combination of complementary secondary particle and muon information using simulations

Abstract: Cosmic-ray tomography usually relies on measuring the scattering or transmission of muons produced within cosmic-ray air showers to reconstruct an examined volume of interest (VOI). During the traversing of a VOI, all air shower particles, including muons, interact with the matter within the VOI producing so-called secondary particles. The characteristics of the production of these particles contain additional information about the properties of the examined objects and their materials. However, this approach has not been fully realized practically. Hence, this work aims to study a novel technique to scan shipping containers by comparing and combining the complementary results from stand-alone secondary particles and muon scattering using simulated simplified scenes with a 1 m3 cube made out of five different materials located inside the container. The proposed approach for a statistical combination is based on a multi-step procedure centered around a clustering and segmentation algorithm. This ensures a consistent evaluation and comparison of the results before and after the combination focusing on dedicated properties of the reconstructed object. The findings of this work show a potential improvement over the results obtained solely through muon scattering due to the utilization of secondary particle information by applying this novel dual-channel cosmic-ray tomography analysis.