Simulating from marginal structural models for hazards, cause-specific hazards and subdistribution hazards using general copulas

Abstract: Seaman and Keogh (Biometrical Journal 2024) proposed a method for simulating data compatible with a marginal structural model (MSM) for the hazard of a survival time outcome. In this short report, I propose two extensions of this method. First, Seaman and Keogh favoured the use of a Gaussian copula, because this enables the function of the confounder history through which the hazard of failure depends on confounders to be interpreted as a risk score. Here, I describe how this interpretation can be preserved even when a non-Gaussian copula is used. Second, I extend Seaman and Keogh's method to allow simulation of data compatible with a MSM for a cause-specific or subdistribution hazard of failure in the presence of a competing event.