Toward Heisenberg Scaling in Non-Hermitian Metrology at the Quantum Regime

Abstract: Non-Hermitian quantum metrology, an emerging field at the intersection of quantum estimation and non-Hermitian physics, holds promise for revolutionizing precision measurement. Here, we present a comprehensive investigation of non-Hermitian quantum parameter estimation in the quantum regime, with a special focus on achieving Heisenberg scaling. We introduce a concise expression for the quantum Fisher information (QFI) that applies to general non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, enabling the analysis of estimation precision in these systems. Our findings unveil the remarkable potential of non-Hermitian systems to attain the Heisenberg scaling of $1/t$, where $t$ represents time. Moreover, we derive optimal measurement conditions based on the proposed QFI expression, demonstrating the attainment of the quantum Cram\'{e}r-Rao bound. By constructing non-unitary evolutions governed by two non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, one with parity-time symmetry and the other without specific symmetries, we experimentally validate our theoretical analysis. The experimental results affirm the realization of Heisenberg scaling in estimation precision, marking a substantial milestone in non-Hermitian quantum metrology.