Hybrid Method of Moments and Generalized Scattering Matrix: Applications to Antennas in Radomes, Reflectors, and Implantable Media

Abstract: Electromagnetic analysis of antennas embedded in or interacting with large surrounding structures poses inherent multiscale challenges: the antenna is electrically small yet geometrically detailed, while the environment is electrically large but comparatively smooth. To address this, we present a hybrid method of moments (MoM) and generalized scattering matrix (GSM) framework that achieves a clean separation between fine-scale and large-scale complexities while preserving their full mutual coupling. Antennas of arbitrary geometry can be characterized once and reused across different environments, or conversely, a given environment can be modeled once to accommodate multiple antenna designs. The framework is inherently versatile, encompassing GSM-PO and GSM + T-matrix extensions, and thus provides a unified paradigm for multiscale antenna modeling. With the large body always represented by the formulation best suited to its scale and shape, the approach combines accuracy, efficiency, and adaptability. Numerical validations on implantable antennas, radome-protected arrays, and reflector systems confirm excellent agreement with full-wave solvers while demonstrating dramatic reductions in computational cost for design and optimization.