van der Waals epitaxy of lead monoxide - PbO and application as a virtual substrate for oxide membranes

Abstract: We report the successful growth of epitaxial layers of van der Waals (vdW) lead oxide (PbO) polymorphs on different substrates, via pulsed laser deposition. A thin layer of vdW $α$-PbO (~5 nm) was subsequently used as a virtual substrate to grow thin films of perovskites BaTiO$_3$, SrTiO$_3$, and the spinel CoFe$_2$O$_4$ with a crystal quality comparable to direct epitaxy on single-crystal oxide substrates. Notably, films with the larger lattice parameter underwent spontaneous, controlled spalling within days of growth, remaining structurally intact, or were easily exfoliated and transferred using the tape method. This work establishes PbO as a promising virtual substrate technology for the fabrication of free-standing oxide membranes through vdW epitaxy, offering advantages over conventional sacrificial layer methods.