Brightness Characterization and Modeling for Amazon Leo Satellites

Published 12 Jan 2026 in astro-ph.IM | (2601.07708v1)

Abstract: The mean apparent magnitude of Amazon Leo satellites is 6.28 based on 1,938 observations. For spacecraft in their operational mode, 92% exceeded the brightness limit recommended by the IAU for interference with research, while 25% distract from aesthetic appreciation of the night sky. The reflective characteristics are similar to Version 1 Starlink spacecraft.

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