On transcendence of non-periodic continued fractions associated with modular forms and arithmetic functions

Abstract: The purpose of this article is two-folds. Firstly, we establish two sufficient conditions under which the sequence ${f(n)\pmod{m}: n\geq1}$ is non-periodic, where $f(n)$ is an arithmetic function. As consequences, we deduce that the sequences associated with the Ramanujan tau function $τ(n)$ as well as the Fourier coefficients of certain normalized Eisenstein series $E_k(z)$ modulo $m$ are non-periodic. Further, we deduce that the sequence arising from Nathanson's totient function $Φ(n)$, the classical Euler's totient function $\varphi(n)$, sum of divisor function $σ(n)$, their Dirichlet convolution $σ\varphi(n)$, Jordan's totient function $J_k(n)$, and unitary totient function $\varphi^(n)$ modulo $m$, are non-periodic for certain modulo $m$. In addition, we extend a result of Ayad and Kihel \cite{r1} on the non-periodicity of certain arithmetic function $g(n)$. On the other hand, we construct several transcendental numbers arising from the continued fractions attached with $τ(n)$, $E_k(z)$, $Φ(n)$, $g(n)$, $\varphi(n)$, $σ(n)$, $σ\varphi(n)$, $J_k(n)$, and $\varphi^(n)$.