An Empirical Study of Interaction Smells in Multi-Turn Human-LLM Collaborative Code Generation

Abstract: LLMs have revolutionized code generation, evolving from static tools into dynamic conversational interfaces that facilitate complex, multi-turn collaborative programming. While LLMs exhibit remarkable proficiency in generating standalone code snippets, they often struggle to maintain contextual consistency during extended interactions, creating significant obstacles in the collaboration process. Existing benchmarks primarily emphasize the functional correctness of the final output, overlooking latent quality issues within the interaction process itself, which we term Interaction Smells. In this paper, we conduct an empirical study on sampled real-word user-LLM interactions from WildChat and LMSYS-Chat-1M datasets to systematically investigate Interaction Smells in human-LLM code generation tasks from the perspectives of phenomena, distribution, and mitigation. First, we establish the first taxonomy of Interaction Smells by manually performing open card sorting on real-world interaction logs. This taxonomy categorizes Interaction Smells into three primary categories, i.e., User Intent Quality, Historical Instruction Compliance, and Historical Response Violation, comprising nine specific subcategories. Next, we quantitatively evaluate six mainstream LLMs (i.e., GPT-4o, DeepSeek-Chat, Gemini 2.5, Qwen2.5-32B, Qwen2.5-72B, and Qwen3-235B-a22b) to analyze the distribution of Interaction Smells across different models. Finally, we propose Invariant-aware Constraint Evolution (InCE), a multi-agent framework designed to improve multi-turn interaction quality through explicit extraction of global invariants and pre-generation quality audits. Experimental results on the extended WildBench benchmark demonstrate that this lightweight mitigation approach significantly improves the Task Success Rate and effectively suppresses the occurrence of Interaction Smells.