Toward decision-aware AI for LSST-scale time-domain astronomy

Abstract: The Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) will generate approximately (10^7) alerts per night, pushing time-domain astronomy beyond pipelines that treat discovery as a static labeling problem. We argue that LSST is better understood as a partially observed dynamical environment, in which scientific return depends on the quality of follow-up decisions made under uncertainty and finite observational resources. The central challenge is therefore to maintain evolving, uncertainty-aware representations of astrophysical sources and to select actions that maximize long-term scientific value. We propose that foundation models trained on heterogeneous time-domain data can learn survey-scale representations of source state, while decision-theoretic policies support principled, auditable allocation of follow-up resources. Embedded within human-supervised agentic systems, these components position AI as part of the operational inference loop rather than as a downstream predictive tool. The way such systems represent belief, optimize utility, and expose their reasoning will shape observational efficiency, the distribution of scientific agency, including who participates in discovery and the scientific questions that receive priority.