Towards Privacy-aware Mental Health AI Models: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities

Abstract: Mental illness is a widespread and debilitating condition with substantial societal and personal costs. Traditional diagnostic and treatment approaches, such as self-reported questionnaires and psychotherapy sessions, often impose significant burdens on both patients and clinicians, limiting accessibility and efficiency. Recent advances in AI, particularly in Natural Language Processing and multimodal techniques, hold great potential for recognizing and addressing conditions such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and post-traumatic stress disorder. However, privacy concerns, including the risk of sensitive data leakage from datasets and trained models, remain a critical barrier to deploying these AI systems in real-world clinical settings. These challenges are amplified in multimodal methods, where personal identifiers such as voice and facial data can be misused. This paper presents a critical and comprehensive study of the privacy challenges associated with developing and deploying AI models for mental health. We further prescribe potential solutions, including data anonymization, synthetic data generation, and privacy-preserving model training, to strengthen privacy safeguards in practical applications. Additionally, we discuss evaluation frameworks to assess the privacy-utility trade-offs in these approaches. By addressing these challenges, our work aims to advance the development of reliable, privacy-aware AI tools to support clinical decision-making and improve mental health outcomes.