AI Agent Communication from Internet Architecture Perspective: Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract: The rapid development of AI agents leads to a surge in communication demands. Alongside this rise, a variety of frameworks and protocols emerge. While these efforts demonstrate the vitality of the field, they also highlight increasing fragmentation, with redundant innovation and siloed designs hindering cross-domain interoperability. These challenges underscore the need for a systematic perspective to guide the development of scalable, secure, and sustainable AI agent ecosystems. To address this need, this paper provides the first systematic analysis of AI agent communication from the standpoint of Internet architecture-the most successful global-scale distributed system in history. Specifically, we distill decades of Internet evolution into five key elements that are directly relevant to agent communication: scalability, security, real-time performance, high performance, and manageability. We then use these elements to examine both the opportunities and the bottlenecks in developing robust multi-agent ecosystems. Overall, this paper bridges Internet architecture and AI agent communication for the first time, providing a new lens for guiding the sustainable growth of AI agent communication ecosystems.